WHAT IS ETHICS Part 3 - CATWOE Model for Ethical Decision Making

CATWOE

A SOFT SYSTEMS MODEL

FOR ETHICAL DECISION MAKING

By

VIKRAM KARVE

It is all very good to pontificate about Ethics.

But tell me, do you know of systematic technique, management tool or model which you can use to make Ethical Decisions in both your professional and personal lives?

I’ll tell you about one technique which I use for Ethical Decision Making, at work and at home, in various situations, indeed whenever I face an Ethical Dilemma.

This simple and easy to implement ethical decision making method is called the CATWOE Model based on Soft Systems Methodology and embodying the stakeholder concept.

Hey, it is not as esoteric as it sounds, but breathtaking in its simplicity – so why don’t you read on.

Before you take a decision or implement change or introduce a new system I am sure you consider the five “E’s”:

Efficacy (will it work at all?)

Efficiency (will it work with minimum resources?)

Effectiveness (does it contribute to the enterprise?)

Ethics or Ethicality (is it sound morally?)

Elegance (is it beautiful?)

Let’s talk a bit about the fourth “E” – Ethics. 

There is an ethical dimension to every decision. 

Any time a human being, or entity, intervenes in the life of another human being, or entity, directly or indirectly, an ethical situation arises. 
There is a story, probably apocryphal, which illustrates this.
There was a cyclonic storm and millions of fish were washed ashore and were struggling for life on the beach.

A man came to the beach and patiently began to pick up the fish, one by one, and throw them back into the sea.

An amused passer-by asked him what difference it would make, since there were thousands of fish washed ashore and struggling for life on the beach, to which the man pointed to the fish in his hand and said, “Ask this fish?” and threw the fish into the sea and the fish came to life and swam away into the ocean. 
Thus, we see that seemingly routine decisions, which at the organizational level do not appear to have major ethical magnitude, have large ethical significance at the individual level.
 

Some people believe that ethics is of little concern to business people.

“Ethics is Ethics” and “Business is Business” they say.

Thus many upwardly mobile managers of today tend to rationalize when faced with an ethical dilemma and take the position that they must wear multiple ethical hats and cloak themselves with three separate conflicting codes of ethics:

First, they have one code of ethics applicable to the professional or technical aspects of their work (Professional or Organizational Ethics) 

Second, they have another code of ethics for their business behaviour (Business Ethics)

and then, they have a third code of ethics for their personal lives (Personal Ethics).

This leads to the development of schizophrenic ethical personality wherein the individual may strive for professional excellence and high ethical standards for one’s own self and within one’s organization, but resort to unethical practices to succeed in business at all costs. 

This Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde approach is at the heart of many ethical dilemmas in managerial decision-making. 

Each person, entity, group, institution or constituency that is likely to be affected by the decision is a “stakeholder” with a moral claim on the decision maker.

This stakeholder concept provides a systematic way of perceiving and resolving the various interests involved in our ethical decision making.

There is an ethical dimension to every decision.

Thus any of your decisions, which affect other persons, have ethical implications, and virtually all of your important decisions reflect your sensitivity and commitment to ethics.

In summary, as you perform your job in your workplace, what are the ethical dimensions as you deal with your superiors, peers, subordinates, customers and all other stakeholders connected with your work?

Different stakeholders have different ethical perspectives. 

For example, take the case of organizational romance.

Whereas, some organizations [and stakeholders] may feel that there is nothing ethically wrong with workplace romance and many modern organizations, especially in the IT sector, even encourage organizational romance / marriage among colleagues by giving various perks / incentives, like dating allowance etc, as they feel romantic involvements amongst colleagues may enhance productivity, many traditional and conservative organizations may discourage or even prohibit workplace romance as they may feel that office romance adversely affects overall discipline and morale.

Of course, sexual harassment would be universally considered unethical. 

One useful technique to resolve such ethical dilemmas is the CATWOE model adapted from Systems Management.

Ethical dilemma occurs due to mismatch in ethical perspectives of various stakeholders involved in the ethical situation. 

A CATWOE analysis helps the manager identify all stakeholders involved in a decision and their respective ethical perspectives.

CATWOE is an acronym to categorize various stakeholders:

CATWOE MODEL

C = CUSTOMERS, OR CLIENTS OF THE DECISION

A = ACTORS, OR AGENTS WHO CARRY OUT THE DECISION

T = TRANSFORMATION PROCESS, THE DECISION MAKER

W =WELTANSCHAUUNG, WORLD VIEW PREDOMINATLY HELD 

O = OWNERS / OWNERSHIP

E = ENVIRONMENT / ENVIRONMENTAL IMPOSITIONS

To elaborate a bit:

C:   The ‘customers of the system’. In this context, ‘customers’ means those who are on the receiving end of whatever it is that the system does. Is it clear from your definition of “C” as to who will gain or lose from your decision?

A:   The ‘actors’, meaning those who would actually carry out the activities envisaged in the notional system being defined.

T:   The ‘transformation process’. What does the system do to the inputs to convert them into the outputs?

W:   Weltanschauung - The ‘world view’ that lies behind the root definition. Putting the system into its wider context can highlight the consequences of the overall system. For example the system may be in place to assist in making the world environmentally safer, and the consequences of system failure could be significant pollution.

O:   The ‘owner(s)’ – i.e. those who have sufficient formal power over the system to stop it existing if they so wished (though they won’t usually want to do this).

E:   The ‘environmental constraints’. These include things such as ethical limits, regulations, financial constraints, resource limitations, limits set by terms of reference, and so on. 

CARDINAL ASPECTS OF ETHICAL DECISION MAKING

All decisions must take into account and reflect a concern for the interest and well being of all stakeholders.

Ethical values and principles always take precedence over non-ethical and unethical values and principles

It is ethically proper to violate an ethical principle only when it is clearly necessary to advance another true ethical principle which, according to the decision maker’s conscience, will produce the greatest balance of good in the long run

THE FIVE STEP ETHICAL DECISION MAKING APPROACH

1.  1.     Identify and classify the stakeholders in the situation using CATWOE and understand their ethical perspectives

2.  2.    Identify their dominant ethical perspectives

3.  3.    Construct an ethical conflict web, mapping different ethical perspectives [CATWOE – six nodes]

4.   4.    Identify those strands of the web where no significant conflict may be assumed to exist. These may be removed from the ethical decision making model.

5.   5.   Concentrate on those strands where conflict does exist. Use conflict resolution techniques to achieve the “overall good” for the system

  

Ethical decision-making involves the process by which a person evaluates and chooses among alternatives in a manner consistent with his or her core ethical values or principles.

Thus when you make an ethical decision you:

(a) Perceive and eliminate unethical options

(b) Select the best from several competing ethical alternatives.

Ethical decision-making requires more than a belief in the importance of ethics. It also requires sensitivity to perceive the ethical implications of your decisions; the ability to evaluate complex, ambiguous and incomplete facts and the skill to implement ethical decision making without jeopardizing your career.

Ethical decision-making comprises three cardinal facets:

Ethical Commitment

Ethical Consciousness

Ethical Competence

The CATWOE model will help you in Decision Management, notably in improving the Ethical aspect of your managerial, professional and personal decisions.

Do try out the CATWOE Model whenever you have to make an “Ethical” decision.

The CATWOE Model works – you can take my word for it.

VIKRAM KARVE

Copyright © Vikram Karve 2012

Vikram Karve has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work. 

© vikram karve., all rights reserved.

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About Vikram Karve

A creative person with a zest for life, Vikram Karve is a retired Naval Officer turned full time writer. Educated at IIT Delhi, ITBHU Varanasi, The Lawrence School Lovedale and Bishops School Pune, Vikram has published two books: COCKTAIL a collection of fiction short stories about relationships (2011) and APPETITE FOR A STROLL a book of Foodie Adventures (2008) and is currently working on his novel and a book of vignettes and short fiction. An avid blogger, he has written a number of fiction short stories, creative non-fiction articles on a variety of topics including food, travel, philosophy, academics, technology, management, health, pet parenting, teaching stories and self help in magazines and published a large number of professional research papers in journals and edited in-house journals for many years, before the advent of blogging. Vikram has taught at a University as a Professor for almost 15 years and now teaches as a visiting faculty and devotes most of his time to creative writing. Vikram lives in Pune India with his family and muse - his pet dog Sherry with whom he takes long walks thinking creative thoughts.

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© vikram karve., all rights reserved.